What are the characteristics that separate rich from poor countries; The riches each country depends on many things, including the quality of State institutions, the culture, natural resources and latitude. An interesting video from School Of Life.

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1. p. (C). (I). says:

   07/06/2016 at 08:35

   There are no rich and poor States but manufactured and farm. the Nations that preceded the industrial revolution is natural and next to determine the path of the remaining. the transition from field to factory is what they say technological culture, rise of the biotikoy level etc.. But there is more happy residents of developed Member of the inhabitants of underdeveloped, because to be one happy in this world as long as has food, health and family. in developed countries may have more food but this has its side effects. They may have more hospitals but better is not the one you need. and with respect to the family, the poor are doing much better in this area!!

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2. Alex says:

   06/06/2016 at 17:52

   http://fairplanet.gr/cms/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&catid=7%3A–&id=123%3A2009-10-20-14-04-18&lang=el

   We realized that, despite the efforts that had been made by international organizations to
   stem the crisis, malnutrition remained particularly serious in
   these regions. The explanation, finally, It was that not only accounted for the
   drought and the locust invasion of the famine, but rather the fact that
   majority of the population had no money to buy even the
   basic food. On the deepening crisis contributed except
   economic stabilization policy imposed by the
   International Monetary Fund, the complete absence of social benefits, the
   relaxed for food safety policy and high corruption
   government officials .

   Poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa

   Written by / the George Kalliampetsos

   Sunday, 18 October 2009 07:50

   Over 1 billion people worldwide, of which
   the third in sub-Saharan Africa, They live on less than a dollar
   the day

   Only when you cut the last tree,
   You would have caught the last fish,
   and got infected last river,
   You will understand that you can not eat money.
   Narrative of the Indian tribe Cree

   The plane -Niame Paris line landed in the capital of
   Niger after 5 hours trip. We were greeted by a wave of stifling
   heat loaded with unfamiliar smells.
   in Niger, in 2004-2005, poverty plaguing the country deteriorated and turned
   in sharp food crisis of the population because of drought and
   invasion of locusts, which hit with unprecedented intensity of
   kalliergeies.Eprokeito to visit the Zinder regions and
   Charades, east of the capital, going through about 2.000 km,
   to assess the needs of the population in food
   voitheia.Oi testimonies we collected, They are talking about serious
   humanitarian crisis due to famine. The harvest was the worst in
   years, resulting in many children at risk of acute and
   antemortem ypothrepsia.Kata our path to Maradi, us
   He was impressed that at the weekly markets were basically
   nutrients are in abundance. Not understand how they explained such
   scale famine in peaceful environment, and political stability
   agatha.Sto Maradi markets full of images of children
   malnutrition was a punch in the stomach. In the situation of catering centers
   it was tragic. Apart from acute malnutrition, eight out of ten children and suffering
   malaria, while 40 of the center's 250 children were in
   critical condition due to infection attendant.
   We realized that, despite the efforts that had been made by international organizations to
   stem the crisis, malnutrition remained particularly serious in
   these regions. The explanation, finally, It was that not only accounted for the
   drought and the locust invasion of the famine, but rather the fact that
   majority of the population had no money to buy even the
   basic food. On the deepening crisis contributed except
   economic stabilization policy imposed by the
   International Monetary Fund, the complete absence of social benefits, the
   relaxed for food safety policy and high corruption
   government officials .
   In no Member of Sahel there is no provision for free medical aid, even the poorest sections of the population, so that access to health
   remote rural communities to be extremely difficult if not
   impossible. According to a survey of Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys
   (MICS), health personnel is insufficient since a corresponding
   doctor for 32,432 inhabitants, one nurse for 4,488 inhabitants and one
   midwife for 6,393 inhabitants. Yet, lack of equipment of health centers
   and difficult access of the population to health and pharmaceutical
   care, said distance, but also because the cost of medicines,
   worse. The lack of access to clean water, mostly in
   remote rural areas, It is the cause of many serious infections
   such as cholera.

   Children are the main victims of extreme poverty afflicting the Sahel.
   According to statistics of UNICEF / CDC, Children who have not received any
   vaccination amount to 45-48%, rate very high that
   explains in part the increased mortality of children.

   Severe child malnutrition is well above 14%
   (Emergency limit), while the mortality rate in ages
   under 5 years old exceeds 25% in the Western Sahel in non-conditions
   crisis.

   Malnourished children weigh 80% less than the normal weight of children their age,
   suffer from stunted growth and health of vulnerable makes
   more susceptible to infectious diseases such as malaria, diarrhea, meningitis
   and pneumonias.. Niger as the whole area of ​​Sahel
   constitutes, according to the classification of UNDP, the poorest region in
   World, with 80% of its population living on less than $ 1 a day
   and the problem of hunger to be a chronic wound, as both
   thirds of its area covered by the Sahara. Residents with very
   They manage to cultivate one desertified land, in southern
   country, which even in "good" years not cover
   nutritional needs of the population.

   The famine
   faced Niger was one of the most serious humanitarian
   crises in West Africa, which unfortunately was slow to be noticed
   the International Community.

   Prolonged drought and
   the invasion of locusts devastated the vast expanses of savannah, where
   access and collection of information is very difficult. The silent
   famine, named as, to be understood had to overcome
   boundaries of rural communities, thus losing precious time.
   And once they learned of the extent of the problem, was
   long delay in call and response of the international
   Help.

   In heightened drama of hunger,
   important role played and the months of the government retreats
   to market pressures and the instructions of the International Monetary
   Fund, which react in delivering international humanitarian assistance,
   considering that such a development would lead to a significant drop in
   product prices.

   The
   geographical area of ​​the Sahel Saharan zone extending from
   the Atlantic to central Africa including
   Chad. It includes eight Member : Senegal, Guinea, Gambia,
   Mauritania, Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger and Chad.

   Some geographers extend it to the Red Sea,
   including the northern and central Sudan, Northern Ethiopia
   northern Eritrea.

   The main zone of the Sahel
   characterized savannah climate, with distinct periods of rainfall
   and drought, with an average temperature of 35oC, and the rainy season
   It lasts from July to September.

   The
   possibility to grow in this zone is limited, That's why
   traditional populations of the region, adapted to climate
   restrictions, were nomads with first occupation trade with the caravans.

   When
   on the colonial area separated into zones of influence and
   arbitrarily mapped out new frontiers, the inhabitants were forced to
   abandon the nomadic life and be limited to minor
   cereal crops and livestock (savannahs are
   extensive pasture).

   As a result of
   of prescribed non-physical and cultural borders, regions exposed
   in civil wars and interstate conflicts that divided tribes and
   nations two, three or more pieces. the Touareg, the Haoussa,
   the Peuls, for example, lacked the vital and cultural
   space. Every insurgency is being exploited by the West and,
   depending on its interests, may be encouraged or
   suppressed.

   The areas of the Sahel, given
   lack of water and the absence of any kind of irrigation infrastructure and
   modern land custody methods, They have limited capacity
   cultivation.

   Climate change is warming
   particularly strong in the Sahel zone, resulting, the last 50
   years, the desertification of 250 kilometers to the south, a depth of
   up to 6.000 kilometers.
   These countries, after the large
   1972 food crisis, created CILSS in 1973 (Committee
   Inter-Etate for the Fight against Drought in the Sahel) to
   mutual aid and the fight against poverty and drought.

   SOME DATA IN SAHEL COUNTRIES * STATES 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Population (millions) 12,4 Ο,5 1,4 12,7 2,9 1,5 13,1 11,1 Development 1975-2003 2,6 2,0 3,4 2,6 2,5 3,0 3,2 2,7 2,8 Average life expectancy (years) 47,5 70,4 55,7 47,9 52,7 44,7 44,4 55,7 43,6 Adult illiteracy (%) 87,2 24,3 62,2 81,0 48,8 60,4 85,6 60,7 Population living on less than $ 1 44,9 50,0 59,3 72,3 25,9 60,0 61,4 26,3 Population without access to water (%) 49,0 20,0 18,0 52,0 44,0 41,0 54,0 28,0 66,0 Population in malnutrition outside crisis (%) 19,0 27,0 29,0 10,0 34,0 24,0 28,0 * The western SAHEL zone includes the countries 1. Burkina Faso, 2. Cape Verde, 3. Gambia, 4. Mali, 5. Mauritania, 6. Guinea, 7. Niger ,8. Senegal, 9. Chad.

   source Pnud ( www. Undp. Org).

   The classification of poverty can be assessed in terms of the western reality.

   For those countries most reliable method is the daily food consumption and not the financial rewards.

   As absolute poverty defined: One meal a day with a minimum cereal consumption in gruel form.

   As poverty is defined : Two meals a day or more with little
   eat cereal. Besides milk weekly, No
   no other animal protein feed.

   As poverty threshold defined: two meals a day with consumption
   cereal or rice, two to three times per week consumption
   milk. Once a week meat.

   acceptable: Two to three meals a day with good grain consumption
   and rice, vegetables at least three times per week, twice
   week meat.

   From 1960 and in the midst of the Cold War the West proclaimed that in one
   decade will achieve change in the fate of the poor African countries
   So much so that not external assistance is most needed.
   Of course, what they wanted was essentially not leave these countries in
   influence of the Soviet Union. As
   therefore granted political consultants, economic,
   military, and variety of organizations active in
   these regions (IMF, The World Bank, International Development and the US
   England, Inter-American Development Bank, Development Program
   UN, World Health Organisation , Food and Rural
   FAO / UNICEF etc. Production). We now know that all these
   interventions led to complete failure.

   Anyone
   help given, rarely offered selflessly, while the West
   trying to solve the problems with its own thinking and mentality.
   Although he can be better aware of the problems and solve
   from the actors themselves, none of them accepted
   Aid not asked.

   The William Easterly1 states
   Example of electric blanket: "A cold night my companion
   I slept with a double electric blanket. but mistook
   regulators. So when I warmed lowered the regulator and
   woman froze me. Increase in the number of the temperature, and
   my part to become even more heat, so the downloader
   temperature even more. The woman kept me cool and
   raised more my own temperature ". The problem is there. The
   West sets the thermostat a distant blanket and nobody
   Asked if cools or warms. The rich countries' policies
   check the aid agencies and the poor do not have the power
   to attribute responsibilities.

   Between 1972 and 2002, the number of severely and permanently malnourished Africans increased from 81 to 203 million. before
   in world drama hungry, The UN recently decided to increase
   50% of food aid by 2030, releasing 15-20
   billion dollars a year.

   It is true that there are always stocks should be the case
   major crises. But the policy of "emergency aid" does not
   appropriate for the resolution of chronic food problem and
   people's hunger. Mostly, these practices were
   bring results, but aimed at impressing public opinion.

   Money is much
   and much less would have been much more substantial
   interventions such, for example, wells in villages in order to
   farmers irrigate their livelihoods and access to clean water The
   poor peasant is not a beggar, nor lazy to request ready
   of food. You need the basic conditions to be able to
   paragei.Oi farmers in the region
   the Sahel, with primitive means and without irrigation infrastructure, trying to
   cultivate their lands, consistently and even the good years, the
   harvest not enough storage or sale.

   A lot
   independent humanitarian organizations, NGO. and collectives, as
   bodies of "civil society" of the Western world, have
   best of intentions to altruistic offer of assistance and
   developing world. They have good planning and encouraging
   results, but left without financial support because
   their actions deviate from the strategy of central
   Western politico designs. They understand that assistance
   must not be fragmented, but should be in a entachtei
   overall policy to combat poverty and have made significant
   steps towards interest-free microloans, construction of infrastructure for
   food security in crisis situations, the network installation
   irrigation and water supply, reforestation, in fighting
   illiteracy, family planning to stabilize
   population growth, in primary health infrastructure.

   The issue of reforestation and food security has occupied
   several humanitarian organizations. Significant effort to
   sufficiency in food crises, It is the creation
   Banks Cereal (Cereal banks ή B.C.).
   The
   Cereal banks, They are actually agricultural cooperatives
   They were built in remote villages of the center, in order to
   stockpiling grain and seed for immediate delivery
   food aid and to prevent possible crisis. The
   Banks were created by non-governmental organizations, while
   their management has undertaken local committee of residents themselves
   each community. The operation of these banks provides
   food supply or with token money exchange or in the form
   lending in kind. With the new crop, the farmer is obliged to
   return the borrowed quantity of seed to be always
   reserve.

   The
   countries of the Sahel as most African countries, de
   They have only rudimentary utilities mechanisms
   (electricity and water), They have weak infrastructures (streets and
   railways), lending rates have sudden and severe
   ripples, inflation is high, while problems
   in labor productivity which result from the incomplete
   education, care and housing. Market institutions are vulnerable
   (such as immature financial systems) and legal frameworks
   underperforming. International financial institutions have no interest
   correct fundamental and structural problems of the economy.

   The global economic policies and neo-liberalism are the
   root cause of hunger. The stabilization plan of the economy has
   impose the IMF created great inequality and
   further loss of scarce income.

   After
   the end of colonialism in the 60s, the neo
   It has proved harder. The Western exploitation has reached
   extremes. often abusing the market power, which are
   donors, and threaten to withdraw the preference for trade cooperation if
   not signed the Agreements Economic partnership agreements2, at
   framework which will cut sales to African farmers
   local markets from the rapid trade liberalization that opens
   road in large quantities of subsidized imports from the EU. The
   mode of action of these agreements as aptly says director
   the CODESRIA Antempagio Oloukosi, is essentially "divided by the
   trade ", tactic which began colonialists in conference
   Berlin 1884-1885, when they sliced ​​continent into colonies and "States"
   so arbitrary and unreasonable.
   Trade liberalization has
   devastating effects on African agriculture, as there
   It is expected to grow more than a single sector of the economy: the
   processing. It is the only activity that lures the European
   capital to invest in joint ventures.

   Interesting
   It is the view of the cereal crops
   They used as biofuels. While the world cereal production
   increases, only 50% of it covers food needs. The rest
   converted into biofuels. Thus inactivated enormous
   croplands and new created thereby rapidly
   deforestation and the sucking of the aquatic wealth.

   Techno-economic studies have shown that the cultivation for the production
   biofuels deprive the consumption quantities of cereals will
   could cover 20 times the current world food
   deficit. A full petrol tank of ethanol needed grains corresponding to the annual diet of one anthropou3. Results of these crops are grain production decrease for food use, increasing their price and the deterioration of
   greenhouse. The interest of the European Union in
   biofuels, accelerates the rate at which forests are destroyed, that
   considered a major factor that contributes to global warming (study of Holly Gibbs, Woods Institute for the Environment at the University of USA Stafford).

   In conclusion, The Sahel zone is indeed small agricultural production.

   However, and regardless of the crisis that characterizes the current
   conjuncture, neoliberal economic policy transforms the mediocre
   chronic poverty. The cost of living and the key market imperative
   goods meet the minimum needs of the population
   It is disproportionate to the average income.
   The poverty, coupled with the destruction or impairment of the crop, lead
   further poverty, loan, non-repayment of debt, increase
   interest rates, sale of land, again poverty. that is,, then present
   A vicious circle (The poverty trap) from which they are failing
   farmers to escape.

   As said by Gandhi, The earth has enough resources to meet the
   needs of all, if certain stop the greed of some. 20% of it
   world population controls 75% of world resources. the controls
   and markets speculating through multinational companies of
   agriculture, the privatization of water and the global laws
   commerce.

   The fight to combat poverty is first and foremost a political issue and requires
   sophisticated approaches and other strategies.

   The whole drama unfolds as described by Nobel laureate economist Amartya Sen, "OR
   hunger is not due to lack of food, but in the fact that
   lower strata of society do not have the means to obtain
   their need for survival ".
   George Kalliampetsos, physician
   President CI. Humanitarian Organization Fair Planet

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